Music Business

a resource for those interested in the music business

Let's see if we can put some information in one place on this business of music.


General Music Business Information

What is a label?




The definition is changing. Historically, it was defined as a company who:

  • Had some equity (in perpetuity or for a limited period of time) in a recording/collection of recordings made by an artist
  • Promoted the recording
  • Distributed the recording

In reality, the value that labels were able to offer was money to record (now rarely needed); ability to get music in to stores (i.e. distribute), which is now not needed as artists can get their music for sale online easily (see TuneCore); ability to promote, this too is very different than it once was. Now that bloggers, etc. are breaking artists as readily as any other medium (when was the last time you bought a record because of a New York Times or Rolling Stone review?), artists can take control of this. What's left is mainstream radio, which is still controlled by the majors, but this is really only relevant to a very few artists.

Now, as artists can affordably create, distribute, and (arguably) promote the music they create, the entire label concept is under question. It remains to be seen how (or if) labels will be able to provide value for the artists they sign, and, conversely, if the labels can derive any economic value from working with these artists.  Certainly for major recording artists who require massive radio campaigns, labels are still relevant. However, with artists like Madonna and the Eagles eschewing the label system, and, instead, partnering with Live Nation and Wal-Mart (respectively), even these major recording artists are questioning the traditional label paradigm.


The Difference Between Independent and Major Labels

Independent labels (so-called "indies") are labels that are not majority-owned by one of the four major labels.  This is really the best definition, because many labels who are not majority-owned by one of the four majors are still connected to them via, for instance, a distribution deal.

As an example, Saddle Creek, who is as indie as they come, is distributed by ADA, who is owned by Warner Music Group (one of the four majors).  This does not make Saddle Creek a major. 

There are four majors:
  1. Warner Music Group (WMG)
  2. Sony/BMG
  3. Universal Music Group (UMG)
  4. EMI

Each of these four labels have similar characteristics that defines them as "Majors":

  • Between them they represent roughly 70% of all recorded music sales (the "indies" make up the other 30%), with Universal being the largest in terms of market share
  • Each own their own distribution arms (actually each owns at least two distribution arms: One large one: WEA, Sony/BMG, Uni, and CEMA, respectively, and each also has "quasi-indie distribution arms: ADA & Ryko, RED, Parlaphone, and Caroline, respectively.
  • Each operate as multi-nationals, meaning that when a record comes out on, say, Sony in the US it also comes out on Sony in all the other territories of the world.  Indies, on the other hand, cobble together distribution/licensing deals with various labels in the different territories.

Some Noteworthy (Indie) Labels

Sub Pop
Saddle Creek
Definitive Jux

Comments

Other Indies To Consider

Hi George,

Here are some other Indies to consider for your list of Noteworthy Indie Labels:

Epitaph Records
Vagrant Records
Stones Throw Records
Arts and Craft

Cheers,

Hoover

NewRockStarPhilosophy.com



Last edited Nov 20, 2008 7:57 PM
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george howard
george howard
Entrepreneur, Strategist, Professor
New Orleans, Martha's Vineyard
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