Colombia National Football Team

One of the exciting Football National Teams in the world.

Perfect football, it's the only way to describe what 80,000 Argentine fans and Millions back home saw that day. Colombia trounced Argentina 5:0 and qualify for their second world cup in a raw in the third in their history. Faustino Asprilla with 2 goals, Freddy Rincon with 2 goals and one more of Adolfo Valencia when Carlos Valderrama is in charge on this concert. After the game, when the Argentine fans booing their players, they also gave standing ovation for 11 men in yellow shirts and appriciated what they saw on the field.

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Background

Colombia's Football National Team is managed by the FCF (Federacion Colombiana de Futbol)-the Colombian football federation which has been founded in 1924. The FCF joined to FIFA officially in 1936 and also belongs to CONMEBOL, South American football association which contains all 10 countries of South America continent. Colombia, which also known by the nickname "Los Cafeteros", became a stronger power in the world of football in the late 80's and mostly during the 90's where they managed to qualify for 3 World Cup tournaments in a raw, although the expectations from the national team were much higher then the actual performance. Many great players came out from this country, not all of them received the recognition that they deserved. some of Colombia's famous stars are Carlos Valderrama also known because of his blond afro hair and his nickname which is "El Pibe" (the child, in spanish); Rene Higuita, the crazy goalkeeper who used to dribble outside his 16-box and score goals in penalties or free kicks and has haircut which looks like Lewi the 14th; Freddy Rincon, the strong midfielder; Faustino Asprilla, the talented striker, who played in Parma and Newcastle; Leonel alvarez, the tough defensive midfielder; Jose Adolfo Valencia who played in Bayern Munich and Willington Ortiz, Colombia's best player during the 70's and early 80's.

Colombia Football Federation logo

World Cup history

Chile 1962

Colombia participated for the first time in a World Cup tournament in Chile 1962, but until 1954 they didn't even participated in the qualifications. On April 1961 Colombia won Peru 2:1 on aggragate and qualified for the world cup and had been drawn to a difficult group which included USSR, Uruguay and Yugoslavia. After losing 2:1 to Uruguay in the openeing match, Colombia managed to surprise one of the strongest national teams back then, the USSR, when the forced them a 4:4 draw. USSR led already 3:1 at half time, but the Colombians scored 3 goals in 10 minutes and another soviet goal finished the game in a draw. one of the beautiful world cup goals ever was scored in this match, when Marcos Coll, Colombia's star, kicked direct corner and beat the USSR goalkeeper, Lev Yashin, for many people the best goalkeeper of all times. Colombia was eliminated from the tournament after losing 5:0 to Yugoslavia.

Italy 1990

Colombia couldn't return to the most important football ceremony and needed to wait 28 years for that. to qualify for the World Cup in Italy, Colombia needed to beat Ecuador and Paraguay in the qualifying matches. Colombia opened with a home win 2:0 over Ecuador and lost 2:1 away in Asuncion to Paraguay. surprise draw 0:0 in Quito vs. Ecuador and the Colombians had been required to win Paraguay at home. when the score was 1:1 after 90 minutes and the Paraguayans started to celebrate their qualification, came the left attacking midfielder of Colombia, Ruben Dario Hernandez, and scored an amazing winning goal for the whole nation and ensured the qualificaiton for the playoff vs. Israel.

Colombia met Israel for two matches, the aggragate winner will be the last country to qualify to Italy 1990. In Barranquilla it wasn't easy for the Colombians, but after 73 minutes the substitute striker, Albeiro Usuriaga, scored after wonderful play and Colombia now have to prevent from losing in Ramat Gan in order to celebrate qualification to the world cup. although Israel were the better side in the second leg, on October 30th, 1989 Colombia drew 0:0 and celebrated their second world cup participation in their history.

Colombia had been drawn for group D which included West-Germany, Yugoslavia and United Arab Emirates.

The Colombians achieved their first world cup victory ever on June 9, 1990 2:0 over United Arab Emirates when Carlos Valderrama and Bernardo Redin scored the goals. In the second game Colombia lost again to Yugoslavia 1:0 and now they have to at least draw vs. stronger side, West-Germany, to qualify for the second round. after 88 minutes, the Colombians felt that the will make it to the next round, but Pierre Littbarsky scored 1:0 to the Germans. when everyone thought that Colombia finished their tournament early again, Valderrama came from nowhere on 92nd minute and pass a brilliant ball to Fredy Rincon who scored, equalise to 1:1 and sent the whole nation to celebrate on the streets.

Colombian National Team 1990

On June 23rd, Colombia met Cameroon in Napoli stadium for a second round match, the last 16 teams. After 0:0, both of the teams went for an extra time of 30 minutes. in the second part of the extra time, score the 38-year-old striker of Cameroon, Roger Milla, a wonderful goal to put Cameroon in a 1:0 lead. The Colombians made an extra effot to equalise and prevent an elimination, so their goalkeeper, Rene Higuita, decided to help and dribble in the middle of the field. Then came Milla again, stole the ball from Higuita and kick the empty net to make it 2:0. Colombia could only reduce the score to 2:1 after a goal from Bernardo Redin and another wonderful pass by "El Pibe" Valderrama, but they lost and were eliminated by the Cameroonese.

Rene Higuita chase after Roger Milla

United States 1994

To qualify for the world cup in United States, Colombia needed to finish in top of group A which also included Argentina, Paraguay and Peru. In my opinion and in many other Colombian fans's opinion, the national team of Colombia 1993 was the best Colombian squad of all times. Colombia drew at home 0:0 vs. Paraguay, won Peru 1:0 in Lima and stunned Argentina, World Cup runner-up those days, 2:1 in Barranquilla. that was Argentina's first lost after 33 games!!
Colombia kept playing well, earned a valuable point in Asuncion, 1:1, and winning Peru at home 4:0 before the crucial last match for the qualification vs. Argentina in buenos Aires. September 5th 1993, is the date that will be written in every memory of Colombian and Argentine fans. I saw this game live on TV, I was 13 year-old fan of Colombia back then, and I saw the best game of my life. Argentina had to win in order to qualify while Colombia could settle with a draw. Perfect football, it's the only way to describe what 80,000 Argentine fans and Millions back home saw that day. Colombia trounced Argentina 5:0 and qualify for their second world cup in a raw and the third in their history. Faustino Asprilla with 2 goals, Freddy Rincon with 2 goals and one more of Adolfo Valencia when Carlos Valderrama is in charge on this concert. After the game, when the Argentine fans booing their players, they also gave standing ovation for 11 men in yellow shirts and appriciated what they saw on the field.

El Pibe Valderrama in Buenos Aires

Colombia came for this world cup as one of the favourites to win the cup and had been drawn to group A which included host country, United States, Romania and Switzerland. Colombia should have go through easily to the next round but everything fell apart for the Colombians. In the first match, the Romanians showed their

supremacy and won 3:1 when the Colombian defense and the keeper, Oscar Corboba, were very weak. before the crucial match vs. United States, Colombia's coach, Francisco Maturana interviewed to the Colombian TV saying that there were threats on his family and his assistant coach family, Hernan Dario Gomez, to bomb their houses if Gabriel Gomez will play in this match. there was so much pressure on the Colombian players to succee in this world cup because of the gamblers back home who some of them also were connect to drugs cartel organizations.

Colombia lost 2:1 to United States and this game will remain like a nightmare for all Colombian fans around the world and not because of the elimination. One of the best Defenders in South America, Andres Escobar, scored an own goal during the first half. This own goal cost him in his life. Colombia won the last match 2:0 over Switzerland, but was eliminated from the tournament against all the odds.
(the link to Escobar's own goal).
10 days after the national team returned home, while sitting in a bar called "El Indio" in Medellin with his girlfriend, 3 people came close to Andres and started to tease him about his own goal. Andres responded to them, but since they were violent people they took Escobar outside to the parking lot and murdered the 27-year-old defender when they shot him 12 times and after every shot they scram GGOOLL!!, mimicing South American broadcasters. It seems that they gambled and lost lot of money because of Colombia's elimination and decided that Escobar is the one to blame. The murder shocked the whole nation. 120,000 people came to the funeral of Andres and the murderer caught very fast. Humberto Munoz Castro was sentenced to 43 years in prison. In 2001, his punishment was reduced to 23 years

Escobar's own goal.                                                                                 The article after Escobar's murder.

and it was even more disgrace when he was released from prison on October 2005 for good behavior, only 11 years since he took the life of an innocent person. The judge's name wasn't published because the angry Colombian public might try to hurt him for release Castro.

France 1998

The qualifying system in South America had been changed for the World Cup 1998 and basically it remains until today. 9 national teams (Brazil qualified automaticlly after became world champs in 1994) play home & away matches when the first 4 places qualify direct to the tournament. Colombia opened this campaign wonderfull with 5 wins, 2 draws and a lost to Argentina at home after the first round and rewarded for being the 4th best naitonal team in the world according to FIFA's world ranking on January 1997. The second round wasn't good and even threated on Colombia's chances to qualify after the lost 3 of their first 4 matches, including 1:0 lost at home to Peru. But then came 3 home games in a raw, Colombia won all of them, drew 1:1 Argentina in Buenos Aires and finished 3rd to qualify for their 3rd World Cup in a raw, the 4th in their history and the last one until today.

Freddy Rincon during the match vs. Uruguay.

Colombia was drawn to group G along side Romania, England and Tunisia. The opening match was on June 15th, again vs. Romania. Colombia didn't play well in the match and lost again to a 45 minute goal by Adrian Illie. Colombia's star, Faustino Asprilla, who was substituted 7 minutes from the end, criticized Hernan Dario Gomez's tactic in the Colombian media and Gomez responded by sending Asprilla back home after one game only. The young striker, Leider Preciado, replaced Asprilla for the next game, vs. Tunisia and eventually it paid off. Preciado scored the winning goal vs. the Tunisians after another wonderful pass of Carlos Valderrama and Colombia won 1:0, knowing that they need to win the last match vs. the strong English national team. on June 26 Colombia tried to qualify for the second time in the history for the next round, but Darren Anderton after 20 minutes and David Beckham in a wonderful 30 minute-free kick eliminated Colombia with a 2:0 victory. Carlos Valderrama retired after this game from the national team after 13 years and it was ashame that in his last tournament, Colombia had been eliminated again in the first round after such poor performance.

Anthony de Avila in the game against Tunisia

World Cup qualifying-Japan & South Korea 2002

After the retirment of several key players in the national team, Colombia started new era, new generation of talented players like Ivan Cordoba, Mario Yepes, Juan Pablo Angel, Freddy Grisales and Jairo Castillo. This time 10 national teams were participate when Brazil joined for this qualification. The first 4 teams will qualify directly while the 5th team will play for the last place in the world cup vs. Oceanic group winner. Colombia played well in the first round again, securing their place between first 4 teams. But horrible second round, including lost in Brazil at the 93rd minute, lost at home to Peru and a draw away against Venezuela, The Colombians needed a miracle in the last match, away vs. Paraguay and it almost happened. Colombia surprisely won 4:0 and should have wait for an Argentine victory in Uruguay, but Uruguay forced a 1:1 draw, finished 5th with one goal more then Colombia and qialified for the playoff matches vs. Australia. After 3 tournaments in a raw, Colombia failed to qualify and need to wait another 4 years.

Victor Aristizabal and Brazil's captain, Cafu.

Faustino Asprilla in Bogota vs. Chile, Colombia won 3:1.

World Cup qualifying-Germany 2006

Colombia, with successful coach Francisco Maturana, couldn't open much worst the 2006 qualification games. 3 defeats in 4 matches, including 4:0 in Bolivia and 1:0 at home to Venezuela and the hope to qualify for Germany looked impossible. Francisco Maturana was fired by the Colombian Football Federation and the U-20 national team coach, Reinaldo Rueda, took over the job. The veteran goalkeeper, Oscar Cordoba, also decided to retire mostly because of his poor performances at the beginning of the games. With Rueda in charge, Colombia managed to achieve better results, including 5:0 at home vs. Uruguay, 0:0 away vs. Brazil, 5:0 at home vs. Peru and 3:0 also at home vs. Ecuador. Colombia and Uruguay, for the second straight time, played a crucial last match, Colombian away against Paraguay and Uruguay hosted Argentina. Colombia needed a win and an Argentine victory or even a draw would be enough, even better then the last qualifiers. Colombia won Paraguay again, this time 1:0 from a beautiful header by Luis Gabriel Rey, but Uruguay also won Argentina 1:0 and qualified for the second time in a raw to the playoff vs. Australia.

Oscar Cordoba retired from the natoinal team.

Tressor Moreno scored 2 goals vs. Ecuador

World Cup qualifying-South Africa 2010.

The system remains the same, with the same matches calender. Colombia, with a new coach, Jorge Luis Pinto and with a new generation of young players like Hugo Rodallega, Radamel Falcao Garcia, Camilo Zuniga, Aquivaldo Mosquera, Macnelly Torres and Freddy Guarin. Colombia looks good after 6 matches and they are the only national team in the South American qualifiers that still didn't lost a match. two wins, including prestigious 2:1 victory at home over Argentina and 4 draws. The Colombians are at the third place so far with 10 points.

International Titles

Copa America, Colombia 2001

The only International title, Colombia achieved at home. Colombia had been chosen in 1999 to host the 2001 Copa America for the very first time. Colombia was suppose to host the 1986 world cup but eventually retired and Mexico took over their place. Now the Colombians were determend to show that they can host wonderful tournament and they did. couple months before the tournament started, there were security problems which almost caused to move the tournament to another country. Mexico and Brazil were preper to replace Colombia. After that, there was a suggestion to postpone the tournament in one year, but eventually the CONMEBOL federation decided to start the tournament in his original date and place, July 11-July 29 in Colombia.

Argentina decided to quit from the tournament because they didn't feel secure enough and another invited, Canada, followed Argentina and quit also. instead of them, Costa Rica and Honduras were invited to fill in. Colombia played in group A with Ecuador, Chile and Venezuela and was one of the favourites to win the tournament. Colombia played very well and achieved 9 points out of 9 in the first round. 2:0 agains Venezuela and Chile and 1:0 against Ecuador. In the quarter final, the Colombians met Peru but didn't have much trouble to win them 3:0 and to meet in the semi final surprise Honduras, who eliminated Brazil in the quarter final. Colombia, with goals of Gerardo Bedoya and Victor Aristizabal, won 2:0 and qualify for their first final since 1975. (that year they lost in the final to Peru.)

Colombian National Team 2001

In the final, against Mexico, the Colombians didn't let the chance to win first international title at their home infront of almost 50,000 fans who supported the national team through the whole tournament. Colombia was the better side and on 65 minute, Ivan Lopez crossed free kick ball into Ivan Cordoba's head and the captain header the ball into the far post of Oscar Perez, Mexico keeper. When the referee blew the last whistle, all the Colombian fans and players celebrate historic moment for this national team and more imoportant, they showed that their country is not all about violance and drugs. it's also a country of good people, peace people and even FIFA's president said that the organization of the tournament was exellent.

Ivan Cordoba's beautiful winning header.

Ivan Cordoba kiss the Copa America.

International Tournaments

World Cup participations:

1930-Didn't enter
1933-Didn't enter
1938-Withdrew
1950-Didn't enter
1954-Didn't enter
1958-Didn't qualify
1962-First round
1966-Didn't qualify
1970-Didn't qualify
1974-Didn't qualify
1978-Didn't qualify
1982-Didn't qualify
1986-Didn't qualify
1990-Second round
1994-First round
1998-First round
2002-Didn't qualify

2006-Didn't qualify

Copa America participations:

* 1916-1942-Didn't enter
* 1945-Fifth place
* 1946-Withdrew
* 1947-Eighth place
* 1949-Eighth place
* 1953-1956-Withdrew
* 1957-Fifth place
* 1959-Withdrew
* 1963-Seventh place
* 1967-Didn't qualify
* 1975-Runner-up
* 1979-First round
* 1983-First round
* 1987-Third place
* 1989-First round
* 1991-Fourth place
* 1993-Third place
* 1995-Third place
* 1997-Quarter final
* 1999-Quarter final
* 2001-Champion
* 2004-Fourth place
* 2007-First round

CONCACAF Gold Cup participations:

Colombia was invited by the CONCACAF 3 times to play the championship of North & Central America. the first time was in 2000, when Colombia played in groups stage with Jamaica and Honduras. Winning Jamaica 1:0 and losing 2:0 to Honduras was enough to qualify for the quarter final, which they drew 2:2 with United States and won them 5:4 in penalty kicks. Colombia also won Peru 2:1 in the semi final but couldn't complete an International title, losing in the final 2:0 to Canada.

The second invitation was in 2003, When Colombia won Jamaica again in groups stage 1:0 and drew 1:1 with Guatemala, before they were eliminated in the quarter final after losing 2:0 to Brazil.

The last participation of Colombia so far was in 2005, where they lost in groups stage to Panama 1:0 and to Honduras 2:1 before winning Trinidad & Tobago 2:0. In the quarter final they won Mexico 2:1 but lost to Panama again in the semi final 3:2.

Jairo Patino pass a Guatamalian player in the Gold Cup 2003.

FIFA Confederations Cup 2003 participation:

Winning the 2001 Copa America gave Colombia the privilege to participate in FIFA'a Confederations Cup in France 2003 for the first time. Colombia played in group A along side the host France, Oceanic champion, New Zealand and Asia champion, Japan. In their opening match vs. France, the Colombians played well but were surrendered to a penalty kick of Thierry Henry at the 39th minute and lost 1:0. In the second match vs. New Zealand, Colombia found themselves surprisely behind after a wondeful goal of de Gregorio at the 27th minute for New Zealand. In the second half Colombia played much better and goals of Jorge Lopez, Mario Yepes and Giovanny Hernandez decided the game for Colombia, 3:1. Colombia needed to win Japan in order to qualify with France and Giovanny Hernandez scored again on 68th minute to win the game for Colombia, 1:0.

Jairo Patino checks situation of Vivien Foe.

The Tragedy of the tournament, when Cameroon's midfielder,
Mark Vivien-Foe collapsed and died later on due to heart failure problem.

Colombia met Cameroon in the semi final but unfortunatlly this game will forever remembered because of the death of Cameroon's midfielder, Mark Vivien-Foe. Cameroon led 1:0 when suddenly, on 75th minute, with no particular reason, collapsed the veteran midfielder on the field. The Colombian players were close to him and immediatly called for the medical staff who took the player to the nearest hospital. The game ended 1:0 to Cameroon but later on had been announced that Foe died on the way to the hospital.
Colombia's last match was against Turkey for 3-4 places and the Colombians lost again, 2:1, when Giovanny Hernandez scored his 3rd goal in the tournament.
(Link to Vivien-Foe collapse)

Tragedies

unfortunatlly, beside Andres Escobar's[1] murder, Colombia knew other tragedies of footballers that were murdered and even one referee..

In 1989, Colombian club, Independiente Medellin, was about to win the championship and hosted America Cali in the last match. In a 0:0 situation, Medellin scored a goal which had been cancelled by the linesman, Alvaro Ortega[6]. After the game, two of Medellin's fans shot the referee and murdered him. In response, the Colombian league was stopped and no champion club was declaired that year.
On Febuary 11th 2004, almost 10 years after Escobar's murder, former Colombian striker, Albeiro Usuriaga[3], was murdered at his home in Cali while he was playing cards with someof his friends. Some armed men breaking into the house and shot towards Albeiro and killed 37-year-old ex footballer. Usuriaga was remembered as the man who brought Colombia to Italy 1990 after his winning goal vs. Israel during World Cup qualifying playoff.
On December 24 2004, few robbers tried to still the handbag of Adriana Montoya, Luis Fernando Montoya[5] wife, back then Once Caldas's coach. During the struggle with the robbers, Luis Fernando has been shot and was injured critically. It was a miracle that the doctors managed to save Montoya's life but he will stay cripple forever and can't breath on his own.
On January 8th 2006, National team forward, Elson Becerra[4], was murdered with his friend, Alexander Rios at a nightclub in Cartagena. The reason was probably because of a fight that happened between the two and the murderers few days earlier. Becerra was part of the national team that won the Copa America title in 2001 and played in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers.
On April 2006, Deportivo Cali's former player, Martin Zapata[2], had been shot 4 times and died eventually in Cali after an argument with 5 people in a local bar. Zapata was famous especially after missing the crucial penalty vs. Palmeiras in the 1999 Copa Libertadores final game.
Another two players died on the field and it happened on October 24th, 2002. During Deportivo Cali's training which was under a rainstorm, lightinings suddenly stroked on the field and on few players. From the strike, veteran midfielder, Herman Gaviria[7] immediatly died and all the chances to save him failed. 3 days later, young talented striker, Giovanny Cordoba[8], died also after being un conscious for 3 days.

Colombia's Youth National Teams.

Colombia Under 23

Colombia U-23 national team qualified 4 times to the olimpic games but never succeed beyond first round. Until 1960 Colombia didn't even participate in the qualifying games. They qualified for the olimpics in 1968, 1972, 1980, 1992.

Colombia Under 20

Colombia U-20 qualified 6 times for the FIFA youth World Cup since the tournament started in 1977. The first qualification was in 1985. with goalkeepers Rene Higuita and Eduardo Nino and striker John Jairo Trellez, Colombia conceived 4 points which were enough to qualify for second round before losing 6:0 to Brazil.

In 1987 Colombia qualified for the second time after being crowned as South American champs. Colombia's stars were goalkeepers Eduardo Nino and Oscar Cordoba, defender Wilson Perez and striker Jairo Trellez. The national team conceived 3 points but was eliminated after the first round.

In 1989 Colombia qualified for the 3rd time in a raw for the youth World Cup with players like the goalkeepers, Oscar Cordoba and Miguel Calero, defenders, Jorge Bermudez, Victor Marulanda, Diego Osorio, Jose Fernando Santa and striker, Ivan Valenciano. Colombia achieved 2 points which were enough to qualify for the next round before they lost 1:0 to Portugal.

The next qualification was in 1993, achieved 2 points only and finished at the bottom of the group. With players like Henry zambrano (tournament's top scorer with 3 goals), Arley Dinas, Jerson Gonzales and Aley Betancourth it was expected much more from coach Reinaldo Rueda and his players.

Only after 10 years Colombia managed to qualify again to the world Cup and they had a wonderful team to succee with players like Edixon Perea, Victor Montano, Macnelly Torres, Jaime Castrillon, Abel Aguilar, Fredy Guarin, Jaime Ruiz and the coach, Reinaldo Rueda. Colombia conceived 5 points and qualify to the next round vs. Ireland. after 2:2 in regular time, striker Erwin Carrillo scored for Colombia in extra time to celebrate their first quarter final in the history. Colombia met the host, United arab Emirates, won them 1:0 with a Victor Montano's goal and preper to meet Spain in the semi final. Unfortunatlly it wasn't enough against the strong Spanish team and Colombia lost 2:0. In the 3-4 places game, Colombia drew 1:1 with Argentina, but won the Argentines 5:4 in penalty kicks to finis in third place and to complete a wonderful tournament.

In 2005, Colombia hosted to South American championship again and won the title again presenting wonderful football, almost perfect. The big star of Colombia and the tournament, was striker Hugo Rodallega, who broke all time record for golscorer in this tournament, 9 goals, scoring 11 goals before Argentine Lionel Messi. Beside Rodallega Colombia had wonderful keeper, Libis Arenas, talented wing back, Camilo Zuniga, Fredy Guarin, Harrison Otalvaro, Radamel Falcao Garcia, Dayro Moreno and wason Renteria, when the coach was Eduardo Lara. Colombia was one of the favourutes to win the title and they started wonderful indeed with 9 points out of 9, including victory over Italy. But the luck wasn't on their side, and in the next round they met strong Argentine national time. Everything looked great when otalvaro scored on 52nd minute to give Colombia the lead, but Argentina equalised from Messi's legs on 58th minute and scored again on 90+3 minutes from Julio Barroso's legs to eliminate favourite Colombia already in the second round.

Colombian Football web sites:

http://www.colfutbol.org (Official website of the FCF)
http://www.dimayor.com.co (Official website of the Colombian football league)
http://www.golgolgol.net (Colombian football news website)
http://www.futbolred.com (Colombian football news website)
http://www.colombia.com/futbol (Colombian football news website)

References

http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/2002/world_cup/hof/escobar/
http://www.soccerway.com/news/2006/April/23/former-colombian-international-zapata-killed
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=16261927
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/4597700.stm
http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/world/2004-12-23-colombia-coach_x.htm
http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/deportes/articuloimpreso-un-muerto-mas-un-campeon-menos
http://www.colombia.com/futbol/noticias/DetalleNoticia13912.asp
http://www.elcolombiano.com/proyectos/copamustang/10-27-2002/Giovanny.htm