CSO 405: Sociology of Work and Industry

                                      UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

 

                               DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

 

                             CSO 405: SOCIOLOGY OF WORK & INDUSTRY

 

LECTURER : Prof. Mauri Yambo                   SEMESTER: September-Dec '08

Blog= http://mauriyambo.blogspot.com

COURSE OBJECTIVE

To develop a detailed understanding of the nature of work in social life, the industrialization process in time and space and the interface between work and industry.

 

COURSE DESCRIPTION/CONTENT

Key concepts in the field: labour, working class, socialization into work-roles, the quality of working life (QWL), de-skilling, alienation, motivation, hi-tech, industry, industrialization, technology, work versus employment, and work versus leisure.  Models and theories: Human resource theory, the labour process, the theory of value, socialization theory, import substitution industrialization (ISI), export-oriented industrialization (EOI), labour market segmentation theory, social stratification, the division of labour, articulation of modes of production, de-industrialization, convergence and post-industrial society.  Industrial policies of selected countries in terms of, inter alia, employment, technological change, scale and diversity of production, the role of the informal/Jua Kali sector, ownership, quality of life and implications for the social structure.  The impact of science and technology on society, and vice versa, in terms of the past, the present and future.  Selected aspects of industrial psychology, labour law and migration.

1.         INTRODUCTION: WORK & INDUSTRY – SOME KEY CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES

-           Meaning, Categories and Conditions of Work: in ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ society.

-           Labour, Labour Force, Occupation

-           International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)

-           Employment, Underemployment, Unemployment, Poverty

 

-           Labour Commitment v. Work Commitment (Career salience)

-           The Backward Sloping Curve, "target workers"

 

–          Meaning and categories of Industry: in ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ society

–          International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).

 

2.         THE INDUSTRIALIZATION  PROCESS

-           What is industrialization?

–          Generalized preconditions and criteria for industrialization

–          The Industrial Revolution

–          Trends in manufacturing/production techniques over time.

 

3.         SELECTED THEORIES AND MODELS OF WORK & INDUSTRIALIZATION

 -           The Division of Labour Theory.

-           Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) and Export Oriented  Industrialization (EOI)

-           Human Resource Investment Theory

-           Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth; Convergence Theory; De-industrialization and Post-industrial Society

-           The Theory of Value, the Labour Process and De-skilling

-           Taylorism: Scientific Management.

 

4.         INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN THE 21^ST CENTURY

–          Main themes:   - Adopting the NIC model, or the "Four [or Seven] Tigers" model

                                    - "Globalization" and Regionalization

                                    - Infrastructure [Social Overhead Capital (SOC)] Development

                                    - ICT and Technology Policy

                                    - Training, Employment Creation and Sustainable Development

                                    - Poverty Reduction: Safety Nets and Vulnerable Groups

                                    - Institutional Development and Corporate Governance

–          The role of small and medium enterprises in employment creation and industrialization

-           Case Studies: Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa.

           

5.         LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION

–          Determinants of labour market segmentation or balkanization

–          Patterns of labour market segmentation

-           Social Stratification Theory: An Overview.

 

6.         SOCIALIZATION INTO WORK ROLES

 -           Determinants and patterns of micro-level socialization

                        - Household Division of Labour based on age and gender

                        - Off- and on-the-job training or induction

-           Key determinants and patterns of macro-level socialization

                        - The role of social structure: social status and class, gender, age, etc.

                        - Scale of production and the role of technology

-           Contrasting pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial patterns

-           Some macro-level social consequences and concomitants of socialization: gender inequality, social stratification and change.

 

 

7.         SELECTED THEMES IN INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY

–          Issues of Motivation and Incentives

–          Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity, Anomie and Alienation

–          Job/Work Satisfaction

-           The Individual at Work; Groups and Group Behaviour in Work Organizations

-           Working Class Consciousness, Working Class Embourgeoisement, and the ‘Labour Aristocracy’ Thesis.

           

           

8.         ASPECTS OF LABOUR LAW IN KENYA

–          Focus on: Training and Skill Acquisition, Equal Opportunity, Collective Bargaining, Occupational Safety and Health, and Social Security. Selectively read ANY TWO of the following:

-           The Employment Act (CAP 226)

-          The National Social Security Act (CAP 258)

-          The Workmen’s Compensation Act (CAP 236)

-          The Trade Disputes Act (CAP 234)

-           The Regulation of Wages and Conditions of Employment Act (CAP 229)

-           The Industrial Training Act (CAP 237).

 

 

SELECTED READINGS IN WORK AND INDUSTRY (With Some Annotation)

A. CORE READINGS

Becker, Gary S. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. Third Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [older edition found at KAB LB2321.B27]

Government of Kenya. 2003. Kenya: Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth Creation and Employment 2003-2007. Nairobi: Ministry of Planning and National Development.

Hodson, Randy and Teresa A. Sullivan. 1990.  The Social Organization of Work. Belmont,

            Cal.: Wadsworth Publishing House.

International Encyclopaedia of Social Science. [Covers various concepts and themes relevant to the course]

International Labour Office. 1984. World Labour Report 1: Employment and Incomes. Geneva:  International Labour Office. 

International Labour Office. 1985. World Labour Report 2: Labour Relations, International   Labour Standards, Training, Conditions of Work, Women at Work. Geneva: ILO. 

Moore, W.E. 1969. The Impact of Industry. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. HD 6955. M64.    [see his definition of industry (“the fabrication of raw materials...”) on p. 5; and his discussion of the patterns of convergence and divergence among societies as the “industrial revolution” spreads around the world, pp. 9-20]

Republic of Kenya. 1996. Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1996 on Industrial Transformation to the Year 2020. Nairobi: Government Printer.

Thompson, Paul. 1983. The Nature of Work: An Introduction to Debates on the Labour Process. London: Macmillan. [Chapter 1 provides an informative background to industrial sociology in general, and to the sociological study of work more particularly. The rest of the book undertakes useful discussions of, inter alia, the labour process (with considerable reference to the work of Harry Braverman); deskilling (= “The Degradation of Labour?”); the sexual division of labour (i.e. labour market segmentation by sex); workplace control, resistance and consent; and the dialectical link between work, class and social change]

Udy, Stanley. 1970.  Work in Traditional and Modern Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. HD 4841.U49.

Wallman, Sandra (ed.). 1979.  The Social Anthropology of Work. London: Academic Press.

Weiss, John. 1988. Industry in Developing Countries: Theory, Policy and Evidence. London: Routledge.

  

B. THEMATIC READINGS (Read Selectively)

 

1. WORK AND INDUSTRY: SOME KEY CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES         

Becker, Gary S. 1968. “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,” pp. 75-102, in B.J. McCormick and E. Owen Smith, eds., The Labour Market. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. HD6901 .M16. [Becker observes that the amount of time spent at work has never consistently been much greater than that spent on non-work, and is nowadays significantly lower. But, though some shift in the other direction is occurring, economists continue to devote overwhelming attention to time at work. Non-work time represents foregone earnings, particularly among students and other youth. These foregone earnings have come to be viewed by many as part, if hidden part, of the aggregate cost of education – and, one may add, leisure. Indeed, “the allocation and efficiency of non-working time may now be more important to economic welfare than that of working time.” The importance of foregone earnings in all forms of human capital investment is now well understood by most. Hence Becker’s focus on the cost of time in decisions related to non-work activities – that is, on the efficiency and allocation of non-work time.]

Bielby, Denise Del Vento and William T. Bielby. 1984. “Work Commitment, sex-role Attitudes, and Women's employment” in ASR. Vol. 49 (April 1984): pp. 234-247.

Caplow, Theodore. 1964. The Sociology of Work. HM. 211.C3.

Gutkind, Peter. 1968. “The Poor in Urban Africa: A Prologue to Modernization, Conflict, and the Unfinished Revolution” Montreal: Centre For Developing Area Studies, McGill University Reprint Series No. 14. (pp. 355-396) [Provides a brief historical background to unemployment in Nairobi and Lagos from the early 1940s to the mid 1960s, and touches on the political, union-employer and associational ramifications of unemployment] [Available as a handout]

Hammer, Michael and James Champy. 1994. Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. Paperback edition. [See Chapter 4: “The New World of Work,” pp. 65-82, which looks at the changes which business process reengineering brings about].

International Labour Office. 1969. International Standard Classification of Occupations. Revised Edition 1968. Geneva: International Labour Office. [Available as a handout]

Jones, Barry. 1982. Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work. Melbourne OUP. [See Chapter 3, “A New Analysis of the Labour Force” pp. 46-79). [Handout available]

Kerr, Clark, et al. 1964. Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and

Management in Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. HD 21.K45. [See Chapter 1 (The Logic of Industrialization) and Chapter 3 (Shaping the Industrialization Process)]

Lipsey, R.G. 1968. “Structural and Deficient-Demand Unemployment Reconsidered,” pp.

245-265, in B.J. McCormick and E. Owen Smith, eds, The Labour Market. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. HD6901.M16.

Miracle, Marvin P. 1976. “Interpretation of Backward-Sloping Labour Supply Curves in Africa” Economic Development and Cultural Change Vol. 24 No. 2. [Available as a handout]

Moore, W.E. and A.S. Feldman (ed.). 1960. Labour Commitment and Social Change in

Developing Areas. HD 4910. M85

Parker, S.R., et al. 1972. The Sociology of Industry. (in S.L.). [There is an earlier version in the Main Library. HD 6971. 8585. 1967]

Roberts, Kenneth. 1970. Leisure. London: Longman. [see especially Chapter 1, pp.1-9 (“Leisure and Society”); Chapter 2, pp. 10-22 (“The Rhythm of Life and Leisure”); Chapter 3, pp. 23-40 (“Work and Leisure”); and Chapter 5, pp. 63-85 (“The Leisure Industry”)]

Sinclair, Peter. 1987.  Unemployment: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Smith, Willie. 1968. “Industrial Sociology in Africa: Foundations and Prospects,” pp. 81-95,

The Journal of Modern African Studies. Vol. 6, No. 1 (1968). [Available as a handout]

U.S. Department of Commerce. 1977. Standard Occupational Classification Manual 1977. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. [Available as a handout]

Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class.  HB 831.V4.

Yankelovich, Daniel. 1974. “The Meaning of Work,” pp. 19-47, in Jerome M. Rosow, ed.,

The Worker and the Job: Coping With Change. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [Gives an insightful outline of, and overview of trends in, the American work ethic. Says something about its religious roots. Endeavour to relate all of this to the African experience]. [Available as a handout]

 

2. THE INDUSTRIALIZATION PROCESS

Aboagye, Alex A. and Kodjo M. Gozo. 1986. “The Informal Sector: A Critical Appraisal of

the Concept,” pp. 261-269, in JASPA, The Challenge of Employment and Basic Needs in Africa: Essays in Honour of Shyam B.L. Nigam and to Mark the Tenth Anniversary of JASPA. Nairobi: OUP.

Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labour and Monopoly Capital. New York: MRP. (see esp. chapter 3)

Burnes, Bernard. 2000. Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics. Third Edition. London: FT Prentice Hall. [see pp. 11-32 on “The rise of commerce and the birth of the factory”]. [Available as a handout]

Dahlman, Carl and Larry Westphal. 1982. “Technological Effort in Industrial Development –

An Interpretative Survey of Recent Research,” pp. 105-137, in Frances Stewart and Jeffrey James, eds., The Economics of New Technology in Developing Countries. London and Colorado: Frances Pinter Publishers and Westview Press. [See World Bank Reprint Series No. 263. Also available as a handout]

Hamilton, Peter. 1980. “Social Theory and the Problematic Concept of Work,”pp. 42-73, in Geoff Esland and Graeme Salaman, eds. The Politics of Work and Occupations. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press. [See handout]

Hodgetts, Richard M. 1984. Modern Human Relations at Work. Second Edition. New York: The Dryden Press. [Has an account of the evolution of technology on pp. 190-195]. [See handout]

Jobs and Skills for Africa (JASPA). 1986. “The Informal Sector in Africa,” pp. 244-260, in JASPA, The Challenge of Employment and Basic Needs in Africa: Essays in Honour of Shyam B.L. Nigam and to Mark the Tenth Anniversary of JASPA. Nairobi: OUP.

Karl, Kenneth, et al. 1999. “The Informal Sector, ” pp. 53-78, in The ACP-EU Courier. No. 178, December 1999-January 2000. [The indicated pages carry separate articles by different authors, Kenneth Karl being only one of them. These cover the informal sector in general, or in selected areas such as the Sahel, the Caribbean, and selected countries in West African. A number of useful generalizations are made regarding the factors underpinning]. [Available as a handout]

Kerr, Clark, et al. 1964. Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and

Management in Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. HD 21.K45. [see especially Chapter 1 (The Logic of Industrialization), Chapter 3 (Shaping the Industrialization Process) and Chapter 5 (Developing the Industrial Labor Force)]

Salaman, Graeme. 1980. “The Sociology of Work: Some Themes and Issues,” pp.1-41, in Geoff Esland and Graeme Salaman, eds. The Politics of Work and Occupations. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press. [Available as a handout]

Sutcliffe, R.B. 1971. Industry and Underdevelopment. 

Swainson, Nicola. 1978. “Company Formation in Kenya Before 1945 With Particular

Reference to the Role of Foreign Capital,” pp. 22-95, in Raphael Kaplinsky, ed. Readings on the Multinational Corporation in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.

Swainson, Nicola. 1980. The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya 1918-1977.

London, Ibadan and Nairobi: Heinemann. [See especially Chapters 3, 5 and 6; but read selectively]

Todaro, Michael P. 1977. Economics for a Developing World: An Introduction to Principles,

Problems and Policies for Development. London: Longman. (See pp. 322-336 for a discussion of export promotion and import substitution).

Toynbee, Arnold. 1956. The Industrial Revolution. Boston: Beacon Press.

Weeks, David R. 1980. “Industrial Development and Occupational Structure,” pp.74-106, in Geoff Esland and Graeme Salaman, eds. The Politics of Work and Occupations. Milton Keynes: The Open University Press. [Available as a handout]

 

3. SELECTED THEORIES AND MODELS OF WORK & INDUSTRIALIZATION

Becker, Gary S. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. Third Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [older edition found at KAB LB2321.B27] [see especially Chapter II (Human Capital Revisited, pp. 15-26); Chapter III (Investment in Human Capital: Effects on Earnings, pp. 29-58), which compares on-the-job training, “school training”with “other knowledge” and general training with specific training); Chapter IV (Investment in Human Capital: Rates of Return, pp.59-158)]

Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labour and Monopoly Capital. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Durkheim, Emile. 1964. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press [See especially Chapters Two to Seven of Book One, pp. 70-229, which expound on both mechanical and organic solidarity; Chapters One and Two of Book Two, pp. 233-282, which (a) interrogate the idea that the division of labour is driven by our need for increased happiness, and (b) explore another, very broad, factor which propels the division of labour over time, namely: growing material density (i.e. the “progressive condensation” or concentration of populations, the related emergence and growth of cities, and increased communication and transportation); and Chapters One to Three of Book Three, pp. 353-395, which discuss “abnormal forms” of the division of labour: anomic and forced division of labour, and the kind of division of labour which does not generate solidarity due to insufficient “functional activity” on the part of those involved]

Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. (See

             section on Globalization).

Littler, Craig R. 1982.  The Development of the Labour Process in Capitalist Societies.

London: Heinemann educational Books. [See Chapters 2, 3 and 4 (pp. 6-47) on the Division of Labour and De-Skilling (with a useful treatment of the concept ‘skill’), Labour Process Theory, and Bureaucracy and Bureaucratization (incorporating the Weberian perspective)]

Moore, W.E. Social Change (see passages on convergence).

Rostow, W.W.  The Stages of Economic Growth. HB 199. R. 66

Taylor, F.W. Scientific Management.

Zuvekas, Clarence. 1979. Economic Development: An Introduction. London and

Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press. [See Chapter 10: Industrialization,  pp. 242-265. The chapter contains a discussion of import substitution industrialization (ISI) and export-oriented industrialization (EOI)].

 

 

4. INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN THE 21^ST CENTURY

Eichengreen, Barry. 1995. “Financing Infrastructure in Developing Countries: Lessons From the Railway Age,” pp. 75-91, in The World Bank Research Observer. Vol. 10, No. 1 (February 1995). [Available as a handout]

Elkan, Walter. 1988. “Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship in Africa,” pp. 171-188, in The World  Bank Research Observer. Vol 3 No. 2, July 1988. [Available as a handout]

Government of Kenya. 2003. Kenya: Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth Creation and Employment 2003-2007. Nairobi: Ministry of Planning and National Development. [see especially pp.3-8, and 20-38]

Hugon, Philippe. 1990. “The Informal Sector Revisited (in Africa),” pp. 70-87, in David

Turnham, Bernard Salomé and Antoine Schwarz, eds., The Informal Sector Revisited. Paris: Development Centre of the OECD. [Considers the salient characteristics of the informal sector, its achievements/potential in relation to how it operates, and the policy context of its operations]. [Available as a handout]

Ikiara, Gerrishon K., Mauri Yambo and Gerda Merckx. 1992. Integrated Policy Approach to Youth Employment in Kenya. Addis Ababa: Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa. 54pp.

ILO. 1972. Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy For Increasing Productive       Employment in Kenya.  HD8799. K416.

Jhingan, M.L. 1975. The Economics of Development and Planning. 14^th Revised Edition.

New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. [See Chapter 45: “Commercial Policy and Economic Development,” pp.353-368. Much of the chapter dwells on the pros and cons of import substitution and export promotion as responses to balance of payments difficulties]

King, Kenneth. 1989. “Training for the Urban Informal Sector in Developing Countries: Policy    Issues for Practitioners,” pp. 17-46, in Fred Fluitman, ed., Training For Work in The Informal Sector. Geneva: ILO. [Available as a handout]

Oketch, Henry Oloo, Albert Kimanthi Mutua and Christopher Aleke Dondo. 1991. Micro Enterprise Credit, Employment, Incomes, and Output: Some Evidence From Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya Rural Enterprise. [see especially pp.7-14 for a brief historical background to small enterprise (including Jua Kali) development in Kenya, and for the underlying policy and legal framework]. [Available as a handout]

Republic of Kenya. 1992. Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1992 on Small Enterprise and Jua Kali Development in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer. 39pp. [on p. 24 it states that the Ministry of Technical Training and Applied Technology will, “in collaboration with other relevant organisations...conduct in-depth market surveys periodically to identify emerging skills and abilities needed in business, especially in the small enterprise sector.”  Such “surveys” had already begun by the time the Sessional Paper was published. See, for example, Yambo (1991)]

Republic of Kenya. 1997. National Development Plan 1997-2001. Nairobi: Government Printer    (see especially Chapter 1, pp. 1-25, which dwells mostly on the challenges and case for industrialization. Do note that, as Prof. Saitoti states on p. v, the entire plan “addresses one significant sectoral issue – industrialisation.” But see also Chapter 8, pp. 193-214, titled “Industrialization Support Framework.” Compare all this with the contents of the latest ‘plan’: Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation 2003-2007, particularly pp. xvii-xxi,1-8, and 29-38. The latter document is far fuzzier and less satisfactory in its articulation of industrial policy).

Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1996. “Some Lessons From the East Asian Miracle,” pp. 151-77, in The

World Bank Research Observer. Vol. 11, No. 2 (August 1996). [The author notes that the success of the eight East Asian countries “was based on a combination of factors, particularly the high savings rate interacting with high levels of human capital accumulation, in a stable, market-oriented environment – but one with active government intervention – that was conducive to the transfer of technology.” In addition, they adopted a strategy of complementing (i.e. “promoting and using” by means of balanced interventions designed to reduce rent-seeking behaviour and optimize adaptability to change) rather than replacing markets. He groups these interventions into four broad themes: industrial policy, blending inter-firm competition with tripartite cooperation (i.e. collaboration without collusion), maximizing growth while striving for greater equality, and export-oriented growth]. [Available as a handout]

Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Marilou Uy. 1996. “Financial Markets, Public Policy, and the East Asian   Miracle,” pp. 248-276, in The World Bank Research Observer. Vol. 11, No. 2 (August 1996). [Available as a handout]

UNIDO. 1981. Technological Self-Reliance of the Developing Countries: Towards Operational Strategies. (Development and Transfer of Technology Series, No. 15). Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

UNIDO. United Republic of Tanzania: Industrial Development Review. (80 pages). Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

UNIDO. 1986. Ghana: Industrial Development Review. (99 pages). Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

UNIDO. Cote D'Ivoire: Industrial Development Review (84 pages). Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

UNIDO. 1985. India: Industrial Development Review (111 pages). Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

UNIDO (Regional and Country Studies). 1986. Industrial Policy in East Asia 1950-1985. Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 83pp.

Yambo, Mauri. 1991. Training Needs Assessment of the Kenyan Informal Sector. Nairobi: Report to KIE (ISP), KREP, KIM and MTTAT. 129pp.

 

5. LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION

Becker, Gary S. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. Third Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [older edition found at KAB LB 2321 .B27]

Caplow, Theodore. 1964. The Sociology of Work. 1964. HM211.C3.

Fields, Gary S. 1990. “Labour Market Modelling and the Urban Informal Sector: Theory and Evidence,” pp. 49-69, in David Turnham, Bernard Salomé and Antoine Schwarz, eds., The Informal Sector Revisited. Paris: OECD. [Available as a handout]

Kannappan, Subbiah. 1988. “Urban Labor Markets and Development,” pp. 189- 206, in The

World  Bank Research Observer. Vol 3 No. 2, July 1988.

Kerr, Clark. 1954. “The Balkanization of Labour Markets,” pp.92-110, in E. Wright Bakke,

et al, eds, Labour Mobility and Economic Opportunity. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.  [Available as a handout]

Knight, J.B. and R.H. Sabot. 1982. “Labour Market Discrimination in a Poor Urban Economy,”   pp. 67-87, in Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (October 1982). [Uses data from Tanzania. Focuses on discrimination by sex and race].

Mazumdar, Dipak. 1983. “Segmented Labor Markets in LDCs,” pp. 254-259, in American

Economic Review, Vol. 73, No. 2 (May 1983) [He proposes a conceptual framework which views labour market segmentation as a sequential process. In the tradition of dual labour markets, and applying the human capital model of wage determination, he first identifies two broad labour market ‘segments’: (high-wage) formal and (low-wage) informal sector. This notwithstanding the fact, which he acknowledges, that there are opportunities, albeit limited, for workers to ‘graduate,’ as they grow older, from the latter to the former – opportunities which might conceivably, but only conceivably, render the market’s duality less than clear-cut. But he then proceeds to present the picture, based on data from Bombay, of a more complex labour market matrix in which five sector variables (casual employment, small enterprise employment, and employment in factories classified into three distinct size-categories) intersect with four human capital variables (education, age, knowledge of English, and training)].

Reich, Michael, David M. Cordon and Richard C. Edwards. 1973. “Dual Labour Markets: A Theory of Labour Markets Segmentation.” in AER: Papers and Proceedings 1973.

6. SOCIALIZATION INTO WORK ROLES

Becker, Gary S. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. Third Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [older edition found at KAB LB2321.B27] [see especially Chapter II (Human Capital Revisited, pp. 15-26); Chapter III (Investment in Human Capital: Effects on Earnings, pp. 29-58), which compares on-the-job training, “school training”with “other knowledge” and general training with specific training); Chapter IV (Investment in Human Capital: Rates of Return, pp.59-158); and Chapter XI (Gary S. Becker and Kevin M. Murphy “ The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs and Knowledge,” pp. 299-322)]

Cohen, Robin. 1976. “From Peasants to Workers in Africa,” pp.155-168, in P.C.W. Gutkind

and Emmanuel Wallerstein, The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa. Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications. [Available as a handout]

Cole, G.A. 1997. Personnel Management: Theory and Practice. London: Letts Educational. [See Chapter 23, pp. 244-253, on employee performance appraisal; Chapter 24, pp. 254-261, on theories of learning; Chapter 25, pp. 262-270, on the learning organization; Chapter 26, pp. 270-278, on systematic training and development (including the basic training cycle), and trainer roles in organizations; Chapter 27, pp. 279-285, on training needs assessment and training plans; Chapter 28, pp. 286-299, on how to design training programmes; Chapter 29, pp. 299-306, on competence-based training and development; and Chapter 30, pp. 306-316, on how to evaluate training and development]

Durkheim, Emile. 1964. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press [See Chapters Three-Seven of Book One, pp. 111-229; and Chapters One and Two of Book Two, pp. 233-282]

Goodale, Gretchen. 1989. “Training for Women in the Informal Sector,” pp. 47-69, in Fred Fluitman, ed., Training For Work in The Informal Sector. Geneva: ILO. [Handout]

Henshel, Anne-Marie. 1973. Sex Structure. Don Mills, Ontario: Longman Canada Limited. [See especially Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4, pp. 1-71, which focus respectively on sexual differences, sex roles (cross-culturally), sex role socialization, and status differential]

Kaplinsky, Raphael. 1984. Automation: The Technology and Society. Harlow: Longman. [See pp. 19-35 on “forms of automation” (including Bright’s seventeen levels of mechanization, Amber and Amber’s ten orders of automation, and Kaplinsky’s own three types of automation: intra-activity, intra-sphere and inter-sphere; his three invariable spheres being Design, Manufacture and Coordination), pp.129-149 on the impact of automation on labour, and pp.150-168 on its impact on the Third World.]

Kerr, Clark, et al. 1964. Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and

Management in Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. HD 21.K45. [See Chapter 5 (Developing the Industrial Labor Force) and Chapter 6 (The Workers: Impact and Response)]

King, Kenneth. 1977. The African Artisan. Heinemann.

Noe, Raymond A. 2002. Employee Training & Development. Second Edition. Boston:

McGraw-Hill Irwin. [Read pp.281-425 for useful discussion of employee development, training, careers and career management (with some reference to socialization and orientation)]

Steinmetz, Cloyd S. 1976. “The History of Training,” pp. 1.3 to 1.14, in Robert Craig, ed., Training and Development Handbook. Second Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. [Available as a handout]  

Stichter, Sharon. 1975. “The Formation of a Working Class n Kenya,” pp. 21-48, in Richard Sandbrook and R. Cohen (eds.), The Development of An African Working Class: Studies in Class Formation and Action. London: Longman.   HD8776.5.D48.

Thompson, Paul. 1983. The Nature of Work. London: Macmillan [See pp. 89-121 on de-

            skilling]

Yambo, Mauri. 1991. Training Needs Assessment of the Kenyan Informal Sector. Nairobi:

KIE (ISP), KREP, KIM and MTTAT. 129pp.

 

7. SELECTED THEMES IN INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE WORK-ETHIC

Hackman, J. Richard and Greg R. Oldham. 1980. Work Redesign. Reading, Mass: Addison Welsley.

Hodgetts, Richard M. 1984. Modern Human Relations at Work. Second Edition. New York: The Dryden Press. [Selectively read Chapters 2 to 5, pp. 35-154, which cover the fundamentals of motivation, individual and group behaviour, and the informal organization]

Kerr, Clark, et al. 1964. Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and

Management in Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. HD 21.K45. [See Chapter 6 (The Workers: Impact and Response)]

Lawler, Edward E. 1973. Motivation in Work Organizations. Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth

Publishing. [See pp. 65-77 on selected theories of job satisfaction: fulfillment Theory, Two-Factor Theory, Discrepancy Theory and Equity Theory – the last two deemed the strongest]

Littler, Craig R. 1982.  The Development of the Labour Process in Capitalist Societies.

London: Heinemann educational Books. [See Chapter 5: “The Taylorism Debate,” pp. 48-63]

Luthans, Fred. 1992. Organizational Behavior. Sixth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill

International. [See Chapter 6, pp. 143-79, on motivation theories; and Chapter 7, pp. 181-200, on job design and goal-setting as the applied side of work motivation theory (as “applied motivation”)]

Saul, John. 1975. “The ‘Labour Aristocracy’ Thesis Reconsidered,” pp. 303-310, in Richard Sandbrook and R. Cohen (eds.), The Development of An African Working Class: Studies in Class Formation and Action. London: Longman.   HD8776.5.D48.

 

8. ASPECTS OF LABOUR LAW IN KENYA

Cockar, Saeed. 1981. The Kenya Industrial Court: Origin, Development and Practice. Nairobi: Longman.

Cole, G.A. 2002. Personnel and Human Resource Management. Fifth Edition. London:

Continuum. [See Chapter 19: “Equal Opportunities Policies and Practices,” pp. 232-239;  Chapter 20: “Hours of Work,” pp.240-247; Chapter 22: “Health and Safety at Work,” pp. 274-284; Chapter 23: “Stress Management and Employee Welfare,” pp. 285-296; and Chapter 40: “Employment Law: Individual rights,” pp. 458-475].[Relevant, though UK material. Available as a handout.]  

Dharam Ghai and C. Hollen. 1968. “The Industrial Court in Kenya: An Economic Analysis.”

University of Nairobi,  IDS Working Paper  No. 73.

Republic of Kenya. 1970. The Workmen’s Compensation Act (CAP.236). Nairobi: Government Printer. [Revised. Earlier edition published in 1962]

Republic of Kenya. 1978. The National Social Security Act (CAP 258). Nairobi: Government Printer. [Revised. Earlier edition published in 1967]

Republic of Kenya. 1980. The Trade Disputes Act (CAP. 234). Nairobi: Government Printer. [Provides for the Industrial Court and how disputes are to be handled by it] [Revised. Earlier edition published in 1972]

Republic of Kenya. 1980. The Regulation of Wages and Conditions of Employment Act (CAP. 229). Nairobi: Government Printer. [Revised. Earlier edition published in 1972]

Republic of Kenya. 1983. The Industrial Training Act (CAP.237). Nairobi: Government Printer. [Revised. Earlier edition published in 1979]

Republic of Kenya. 1984. The Employment Act (CAP.226). Nairobi: Government Printer. [Revised. Earlier edition published in 1977]

***************************************************************************