A. Introduction and Datasets
Good introductions to patents and search facilities are available here:
- http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm
- http://www.nber.org/patents/
- http://patentinfo.european-patent-office.org/index.en.php
- NUS-MBS Patent Database (http://patents.kwanghui.org)
Shortcuts to this Knol: http://patentpdw.kwanghui.net/ and http://tinyurl.com/6b7vd2
B. Foundational Articles on Motives for Patenting, Patent Data and Methodology
(*)Indicates articles that are discussed or reprinted in A.B. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg (2002). http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=8814&ttype=2
Cohen, W.M., R.R. Nelson, and J.P. Walsh (2000). “Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not),” NBER Working Paper no. 7552, available at http://nber15.nber.org/papers/W7552
Desrochers, P., “On the Abuse of Patents as Economic Indicators,” The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 1, Issue 4 (1998):51-74.
Griliches, Z. 1990. “Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey,” Journal of Economic Literature XXVIII: 1661-1707.
(*)Hall, B.H. (2002). “A Note on the Bias of Herfindahl-Type Measures Based on Count Data,” Appendix 2 in A.B. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg, Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 454-459.
Hall, B., A. Jaffe, M. Trajtenberg (2001), “The NBER Patent Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools”, NBER Working Paper 8498 (http://www.nber.org/papers/w8498)
Hall, B., Ziedonis, R. H., Spring 2001. The Patent Paradox Revisited: An Empirical Study of Patenting in the U.S. Semicondocutor Industry, 1979-1995. The Rand Journal of Economics 32 (1), 101–28.
Harhoff, Dietmar, F. Narin, F.M. Sherer, K. Vopel (1999) “Citation Frequency and the Value of Patented Inventions”, The Review of Economics and Statistics 81(3):511-515.
Hausman, Griliches, and Hall. “Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents R&D Relationship”, Econometrica, Vol.52, No. 4 (July, 1984):909-938.
Jaffe, A. B. and M. Trajtenberg (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
(*)Jaffe, A.B., M. Trajtenberg, and M.S. Fogarty (2000). “The Meaning of Patent Citations: Report on the NBER/Case Western Reserve Survey of Patentees,” NBER Working Paper #7631, available at http://www.nber.org/papers/W7631
Jaffe, A., Lerner, J., 2004. Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It. Princeton University Press.
Lanjouw, Jean O. and Mark A. Schankerman, (1999), "The Quality of Ideas: Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators," NBER Working Paper No. W7345.
Levin, R., A. Klevorick, R. Nelson, and S. Winter (1987). “Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3:783-831. Meyer, M., “What is special about patent citations? Differences between scientific and patent citations”, Scientometrics 49(1):93-123.
Mowery, D., Nelson, R., Sampat, B., Ziedonis, A., 2004. Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation, University-Industry Technology Transfer Before and After the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States. Stanford Business Books.
Thomson, Peter and Melanie Fox-Kean, (2005), “Patent Citations and the Geography of Knowledge Spillovers: A Reassessment,” The American Economic Review, 95(1): 450-460.
(*)Trajtenberg, M. (1990). “A Penny for Your Quotes: Patent Citations and the Value of Innovations,” RAND Journal of Economics, 21(1): 172-187.
(*)Trajtenberg, M., R. Henderson, and A. Jaffe (1997). “University vs. Corporate Patents: A Window on the Basicness of Invention,” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 5: 19-50.
C. Articles Using Patent and Non-Patent Data to Trace Knowledge Flows
Achilladelis, B. 1993. The Dynamics of Technological Innovation - the Sector of Antibacterial Medicines. Research Policy, 22(4): 279-308.
Agarwal, R., M. Ganco, R.H. Ziedonis (2009). "Reputations for Toughness in Patent Enforcement: Implications for Knowledge Spillovers via Inventor Mobility," Strategic Management Journal, forthcoming.
Agrawal, A. and R. Henderson (2002). Putting Patents in Context: Exploring Knowledge Transfer from MIT. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, January, pp. 44-60.
Agrawal, A., D. Kapur, and J. McHale (2008) How Do Spatial and Social Proximity Influence Knowledge Flows? Evidence from Patent Data. Journal of Urban Economics, forthcoming.
Ahuja, G. 2000a. Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: A longitudinal study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3): 425-455.
Ahuja, G. 2000b. The duality of collaboration: Inducements and opportunities in the formation of interfirm linkages. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 317-343.
Ahuja, G., & Katila, R. 2001. Technological acquisitions and the innovation performance of acquiring firms: A longitudinal study. Strategic Management Journal, 22(3): 197-220.
Albuquerque, E. D. E. 2000. Domestic patents and developing countries: arguments for their study and data from Brazil (1980-1995). Research Policy, 29(9): 1047-1060.
Baum, J. A. C., Calabrese, T., & Silverman, B. S. 2000. Don't go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups' performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 267-294.
Belderbos, R. 2001. Overseas innovations by Japanese firms: an analysis of patent and subsidiary data. Research Policy, 30(2): 313-332.
Benner, M. J. 2002. Process management and technological innovation: A longitudinal study of the photography and paint industries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4): 676-706.
Bergeron, S., Lallich, S., & Le Bas, C. 1998. Location of innovating activities, industrial structure and techno-industrial clusters in the French economy, 1985-1990. Evidence from US patenting. Research Policy, 26(7-8): 733-751.
Bernardes, A. T. and E. D. Albuquerque. 2003. "Cross-over, thresholds, and interactions, between science and technology: lessons for less-developed countries." Research Policy 32:865-885.
Bierly, P., & Chakrabarti, A. 1996. Generic knowledge strategies in the US pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 123-135.
Breschi, S., Lissoni, F., & Malerba, F. 2003. Knowledge-relatedness in firm technological diversification. Research Policy, 32(1): 69-87.
Brouwer, E., & Kleinknecht, A. 1999. Innovative output, and a firm's propensity to patent. An exploration of CIS micro data. Research Policy, 28(6): 615-624.
Brusoni, S., Prencipe, A., & Pavitt, K. 2001. Knowledge specialization, organizational coupling, and the boundaries of the firm: Why do firms know more than they make? Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4): 597-621.
Cefis, E., & Orsenigo, L. 2001. The persistence of innovative activities - A cross-countries and cross-sectors comparative analysis. Research Policy, 30(7): 1139-1158.
Chung, W., & Alcacer, J. 2002. Knowledge seeking and location choice of foreign direct investment in the United States. Management Science, 48(12): 1534-1554.
Cockburn, I. M., & Henderson, R. M. 1998. Absorptive capacity, coauthoring behavior, and the organization of research in drug discovery. Journal of Industrial Economics, 46(2): 157-182.
Cohen, W. M., Goto, A., Nagata, A., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh, J. R. 2002. R&D spillovers, patents and the incentives to innovate in Japan and the United States. Research Policy, 31(8-9): 1349-1367.
Coriat, B., & Orsi, F. 2002. Establishing a new intellectual property rights regime in the United States - Origins, content and problems. Research Policy, 31(8-9): 1491-1507.
DeCarolis, D. M., & Deeds, D. L. 1999. The impact of stocks and flows of organizational knowledge on firm performance: An empirical investigation of the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 20(10): 953-968.
Engelsman, E. C., & Vanraan, A. F. J. 1994. A Patent-Based Cartography of Technology. Research Policy, 23(1): 1-26.
Ernst, H. 1998. Industrial research as a source of important patents. Research Policy, 27(1): 1-15.
Ernst, H. 2001. Patent applications and subsequent changes of performance: evidence from time-series cross-section analyses on the firm level. Research Policy, 30(1): 143-157.
Fleming, L. 2001. Recombinant uncertainty in technological search. Management Science, 47(1): 117-132.
Fleming, L., & Sorenson, O. 2001. Technology as a complex adaptive system: evidence from patent data. Research Policy, 30(7): 1019-1039.
Frost, T. S. 2001. The geographic sources of foreign subsidiaries' innovations. Strategic Management Journal, 22(2): 101-123.
Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. 2002. The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6): 899-933.
Geroski, P. A., VanReenen, J., & Walters, C. F. 1997. How persistently do firms innovate? Research Policy, 26(1): 33-48.
Ginarte, J. C., & Park, W. G. 1997. Determinants of patent rights: A cross-national study. Research Policy, 26(3): 283-301.
Gittelman, M., & Kogut, B. 2003. Does good science lead to valuable knowledge? Biotechnology firms and the evolutionary logic of citation patterns. Management Science, 49(4): 366-382.
Grupp, H. 1994. The Measurement of Technical Performance of Innovations by Technometrics and Its Impact on Established Technology Indicators. Research Policy, 23(2): 175-193.
Grupp, H., & Schmoch, U. 1999. Patent statistics in the age of globalisation: new legal procedures, new analytical methods, new economic interpretation. Research Policy, 28(4): 377-396.
Guellec, D., & van Pottelsberghe, B. 2001. The internationalisation of technology analysed with patent data. Research Policy, 30(8): 1253-1266.
Hagedoorn, J. and M. Cloodt (2003). "Measuring Innovative Performance: Is there an advantage in using multiple indicators?" Research Policy 32: 1365-1379
Hall, B. H., & Ziedonis, R. H. 2001. The patent paradox revisited: an empirical study of patenting in the US semiconductor industry, 1979-1995. Rand Journal of Economics, 32(1): 101-128.
Hall, R. 1992. The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2): 135-144.
Harabi, N. 1995. Appropriability of technical innovations - An empirical analysis. Research Policy, 24(6): 981-992.
Hargadon, A. & R. I. Sutton (1997), Technology Brokering and Innovation in a Product Development Firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 716-749. http://homepage.mac.com/hargadon/Research.htm
Henderson, R., & Cockburn, I. 1994. Measuring Competence - Exploring Firm Effects in Pharmaceutical Research. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 63-84.
Henderson, R., & Cockburn, I. 1996. Scale, scope, and spillovers: The determinants of research productivity in drug discovery. Rand Journal of Economics, 27(1): 32-59.
Hicks, D., Breitzman, T., Olivastro, D., & Hamilton, K. 2001. The changing composition of innovative activity in the US - a portrait based on patent analysis. Research Policy, 30(4): 681-703.
Hill, C. W. L. 1992. Strategies for Exploiting Technological Innovations - When and When Not to License. Organization Science, 3(3): 428-441.
Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., Ireland, R. D., & Harrison, J. S. 1991. Effects of Acquisitions on Research-and-Development Inputs and Outputs. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3): 693-706.
Huang, Kenneth G. and Murray, Fiona E. (2009) “Does Patent Strategy Shape the Long-run Supply of Public Knowledge? Evidence from Human Genetics.” Forthcoming, Academy of Management Journal
Huang, Kenneth G. (2009) “The Impact of Uncertain Intellectual Property Conditions on Knowledge Production in Innovative Firms.” Singapore Management University Working Paper (under review at a leading management journal)
Kapoor, R. and Lim, Kwanghui., 2007. The Impact of Acquisitions on the Innovation Performance of Inventors at Semiconductor Companies", Academy of Management Journal, Vol 50, No 5 (Oct). http://aom.metapress.com/link.asp?id=563678g22px5047g
Katila, R. 2002. New product search overtime: Past ideas in their prime? Academy of Management Journal, 45(5): 995-1010.
Katila, R., & Ahuja, G. 2002. Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6): 1183-1194.
Kingston, W. 2001. "Innovation needs patents reform." Research Policy 30:403-423.
Kondo, M. 1999. R&D dynamics of creating patents in the Japanese industry. Research Policy, 28(6): 587-600.
Kortum, S., & Lerner, J. 1999. What is behind the recent surge in patenting? Research Policy, 28(1): 1-22.
Kumar, N. 2001. Determinants of location of overseas R&D activity of multinational enterprises: the case of US and Japanese corporations. Research Policy, 30(1): 159-174.
Le Bas, C., & Sierra, C. 2002. 'Location versus home country advantages' in R&D activities: some further results on multinationals' locational strategies. Research Policy, 31(4): 589-609.
Lim, K. (2004), "The Relationship between Research and Innovation in the Semiconductor and Pharmaceutical Industries (1981-97)", Research Policy, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 287-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2003.08.001
Lim, K. (2009), "The Many Faces of Absorptive Capacity: Spillovers of Copper Interconnect Technology for Semiconductor Chips", Industrial and Corporate Change, forthcoming, and IPRIA working paper.
Mahmood, I. P., & Singh, J. 2003. Technological dynamism in Asia. Research Policy, 32(6): 1031-1054.
Malerba, F., & Orsenigo, L. 1996. Schumpeterian patterns of innovation are technology-specific. Research Policy, 25(3): 451-478.
Malerba, F., & Orsenigo, L. 1999. Technological entry, exit and survival: an empirical analysis of patent data. Research Policy, 28(6): 643-660.
Mazzoleni, R., & Nelson, R. R. 1998. The benefits and costs of strong patent protection: a contribution to the current debate. Research Policy, 27(3): 273-284.
McGrath, R. G. and A. Nerkar. 2004. "Real options reasoning and a new Look at the R&D investment strategies of pharmaceutical firms." Strategic Management Journal 25:1.
Meyer, M. 2000. Does science push technology? Patents citing scientific literature. Research Policy, 29(3): 409-434.
Moser, P. 2003. How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century World Fairs. NBER Working Paper No. 9909. http://nber15.nber.org/papers/W9909
Mowery, D. C., Nelson, R. R., Sampat, B. N., & Ziedonis, A. A. 2001. The growth of patenting and licensing by US universities: an assessment of the effects of the Bayh-Dole act of 1980. Research Policy, 30(1): 99-119.
Mowery, D. C., Oxley, J. E., & Silverman, B. S. 1996. Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 77-91.
Mowery, D. C., Sampat, B. N., & Ziedonis, A. A. 2002. Learning to patent: Institutional experience, learning, and the characteristics of US university patents after the Bayh-Dole Act, 1981-1992. Management Science, 48(1): 73-89.
Mowery, D. C., & Ziedonis, A. A. 2002. Academic patent quality and quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole act in the United States. Research Policy, 31(3): 399-418.
Murray, F., Stern, S., 2005. Do Formal Intellectual Property Rights Hinder the Free Flow of Scientific Knowledge? An Empirical Test of the Anti-Commons Hypothesis, national Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11465.
Nerkar, A. 2003. Old is gold? The value of temporal exploration in the creation of new knowledge. Management Science, 49(2): 211-229.
Nerkar, A. and P. W. Roberts. 2004. "Technological and product market experience and the success of new product introductions in the pharmaceutical industry." Strategic Management Journal 25:779-799.
Nerkar, A. and S. Shane. 2003. "When do startups that exploit patented academic knowledge survive?" International Journal of Industrial Organization 21:1391-1410.
Oettl, A. and A. Agrawal. 2008. International Labour Mobility and Knowledge Flow Externalities, Journal of International Business Studies, forthcoming
Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. 1996. Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3): 607-634.
Owen-Smith, J. 2003. From separate systems to a hybrid order: accumulative advantage across public and private science at Research One universities. Research Policy, 32(6): 1081-1104.
Oxley, J. E. and R. C. Sampson. 2004. "The scope and governance of international R&D alliances." Strategic Management Journal 25:723-749.
Pakes, A. 1985. On Patents, R-and-D, and the Stock-Market Rate of Return. Journal of Political Economy, 93(2): 390-409.
Penner-Hahn, J. D. 1998. Firm and environmental influences on the mode and sequence of foreign research and development activities. Strategic Management Journal, 19(2): 149-168.
Pitkethly, R. H. 2001. Intellectual property strategy in Japanese and UK companies: patent licensing decisions and learning opportunities. Research Policy, 30(3): 425-442.
Podolny, J. M., & Stuart, T. E. 1995. A Role-Based Ecology of Technological-Change. American Journal of Sociology, 100(5): 1224-1260.
Podolny, J. M., Stuart, T. E., & Hannan, M. T. 1996. Networks, knowledge, and niches: Competition in the worldwide semiconductor industry, 1984-1991. American Journal of Sociology, 102(3): 659-689.
Ramani, S. V. 2002. "Who is interested in biotech? R&D strategies, knowledge base and market sales of Indian biopharmaceutical firms." Research Policy 31:381-398.
Rosenkopf, L., & Almeida, P. 2003. Overcoming local search through alliances and mobility. Management Science, 49(6): 751-766.
Rosenkopf, L. and A. Nerkar. 1999. "On the complexity of technological evolution: Exploring coevolution within and across hierarchical levels in optical disc technology." in Variations in organizational science: In honor of D. T. Campbell, edited by W. McKelvey. New York: Sage Publications.
Rosenkopf, L., & Nerkar, A. 2001. Beyond local search: Boundary-spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic Management Journal, 22(4): 287-306.
Sakakibara, M., & Branstetter, L. 2001. Do stronger patents induce more innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese patent law reforms. The Rand Journal of Economics, 32(1): 77.
Shane, S. 2001a. Technological opportunities and new firm creation. Management Science, 47(2): 205-220.
Shane, S. 2001b. Technology regimes and new firm formation. Management Science, 47(9): 1173-1190.
Silverman, B. S. 1999. Technological resources and the direction of corporate diversification: Toward an integration of the resource-based view and transaction cost economics. Management Science, 45(8): 1109-1124.
Sine, W. D., Scott, S., & Di Gregorio, D. 2003. The halo effect and technology licensing: The influence of institutional prestige on the licensing of university inventions. Management Science, 49(4): 478-496.
Singh, J. 2005. Collaborative Networks as Determinants of Knowledge Diffusion Patterns. Management Science, 51(5): 756-770. Available at http://faculty.insead.edu/singhj/academic/index.html
Somaya, D. 2003. Strategic determinants of decisions not to settle patent litigation. Strategic Management Journal, 24(1): 17-38.
Song, J., Almeida, P., & Wu, G. 2003. Learning-by-hiring: When is mobility more likely to facilitate interfirm knowledge transfer? Management Science, 49(4): 351-365.
Sorensen, J. B., & Stuart, T. E. 2000. Aging, obsolescence, and organizational innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(1): 81-112.
Stolpe, M. 2002. Determinants of knowledge diffusion as evidenced in patent data: the case of liquid crystal display technology. Research Policy, 31(7): 1181-1198.
Stuart, T. E. 2000. Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: A study of growth and innovation rates in a high-technology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8): 791-811.
Stuart, T. E., & Podolny, J. M. 1996. Local search and the evolution of technological capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 21-38.
Thompson and Fox-Kean 2005. "Patent Citations and the Geography of Knowledge Spillovers: A Reassessment". American Economic Review, 95(1):450-460. Available from http://www.fiu.edu/~thompsop/current/working_papers.html
Tijssen, R. J. W. 2001. Global and domestic utilization of industrial relevant science: patent citation analysis of science-technology interactions and knowledge flows. Research Policy, 30(1): 35-54.
Tijssen, R. J. W. 2002. Science dependence of technologies: evidence from inventions and their inventors. Research Policy, 31(4): 509-526.
Trajtenberg, M. 2001. Innovation in Israel 1968-1997: a comparative analysis using patent data. Research Policy, 30(3): 363-389.
Varsakelis, N. C. 2001. "The impact of patent protection, economy openness and national culture on R&D investment: a cross-country empirical investigation." Research Policy 30:1059-1068.
Ziedonis, R. H. 2003. "Patent litigation in the U.S. semiconductor industry." Pp. 180-215 in Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy, edited by S. A. Merrill. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Ziedonis, R. H. 2004. "Don't fence me in: Fragmented markets for technology and the patent acquisition strategies of firms." Management Science.
D. Articles Using Patent and Non-Patent Data to Analyze the Value and Impact of Innovations
Harhoff, D., F. Narin, F.M. Scherer and K. Vopel (1999), "Citation Frequency and the Value of Patented Inventions," The Review of Economics and Statistics (193): 511-515.
Lanjouw, J.O. and M.A. Schankerman (2004), "Patent Quality and ResearchProductivity: Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators" Economic Journal 114(495): 441-465.
Trajtenberg, M. (1990), "A Penny for Your Quotes: Patent Citations and the Value of Innovations" Rand Journal of Economics Vol 21(1): 172-187.
E. The 2008 AOM Patent PDW
The 2008 event was held at the Academy of Management Conference in Anaheim. It was co-chaired and organized by Riitta Katila and Kwanghui Lim.
Riitta presented a brief introduction to patent-based research. The presentation slides, which were put together by Riitta in collaboration with Eric Giannella of Stanford, are available here.
Four papers were then presented by leading scholars:

Ajay Agrawal presented "Big Cities, Big Ideas? Regional Agglomeration and High Impact Innovation", a joint paper with Jasjit Singh [pdf].
Jasjit Singh presented "Lone Inventors as Sources of Breakthroughs: Myth or Reality?", based on joint work with Lee Fleming of HBS [pdf]
Scott Stern, the Discussant, then analyzed each paper in turn, highlighting the interesting contributions of each paper, while using them to illustrate fundamental empirical and methodological issues faced by researchers using patent data more broadly. His presentation slides are available here.
Kwanghui then conducted an open Q&A session with the audience, shared several concluding comments, and brought the session to a close.F. The 2009 AOM Patent PDW
The 2008 event was held at the Academy of Management Conference in Chicago. It was organized by Jeff Furman.Program Session #: 142 | Submission: 16459 | Sponsor(s): (BPS, TIM, OMT, IM, RM)
Scheduled: Saturday, Aug 8 2009 8:00AM - 11:00AM at Hyatt Regency Chicago in Columbus IJ
Chair: Jeff Furman; Boston U.;

Presenter: Jeannette Colyvas; Northwestern U.;

Presenter: Kwanghui Lim; U. of Melbourne;

Presenter: Fiona Murray; Massachusetts Institute of Technology;

Presenter: Tim Simcoe; U. of Toronto;

Presenter: Stefan Wagner; Ludwig-Maximilians U.;

Discussant: Scott Stern; Northwestern U.;
This PDW focuses on the use of patent data (and related measures of knowledge flows) for empirical management research. The primary goal of the PDW is to provide an introduction for researchers new to the area, balanced with a scholarly discussion of current critical issues in the patent area. This year, in addition to patent-based research, we PDW will also discuss how non-patent based methodologies can be combined with patent-based approaches for conducting research on knowledge flows. Several participants will discuss ways of combining patent with non-patent based approaches. The discussant will then comment on the presentations and share his views on the directions this field is progressing. The session then concludes with an open discussion (Q&A) with the audience.










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