Directories

More Knols on genealogical resources
in England and Wales
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Introduction

19th century directories are the forerunner of today’s Yellow Pages and telephone directories, and are a useful source for researching your family history. This Knol looks at directories from the Victorian period in the United Kingdom and discusses how they were prepared and published, the type of information they supply, where they can be accessed, and their drawbacks.

Preparation and Publication

Directories started in the late 17th century but it was not until the 19th century that they became more wide-spread across Britain and more comprehensive. By 1850, the main directory publishers were the Post Office, White’s, Pigot's, and Kellys.

The publisher of the directory often relied on local agents to collect information on the locality and its local residents - invariably upper and middle class - and trade and professional persons. Payment was not normally required for an entry. When published, their listing appeared under a brief description of the locality, its history, main landowners, type of soil, acreage, population, principal buildings and political administration. Generally the individuals’ listing provided: Surname, First name(s); position, profession or trade; house or street name if it was a large town or city.

Access to Directories

There is no central archive for directories. County Record Offices hold many relevant to their county in their collections. The Historical Directories project have an extensive collection covering England and Wales which can be searched and viewed online for free.

Several companies have scanned images of directories and sell them in CD format. An internet search will reveal many of these.

Finally, you can try an internet search for some family history societies and individual enthusiasts have spent many hours transcribing the returns and making them available for free.
For instance: White’s Directory 1848, Manningtree, Essex.

Problems with Directories

Directories are clearly secondary sources and will contain many mistakes in their production. They are also limited in that they only list principal residents and trade persons. So no agricultural labourers! Unfortunately there is no age or place of birth information, so certain identification of the person can be problematic. Nevertheless, if their identity can be confirmed, directories can be useful in tracking the movement of people in-between the ten yearly census, and identifying other occupations a person may have been engaged in. For instance, many trade persons are show also running a beer shop or are parish clerks. This type of information does not appear in the census.

Conclusion

Despite the problems the directories raise, they are a useful source of information for the family history researcher, especially if used with other sources.

More Knols on genealogical resources in England and Wales
Census
Civil Registration
Newspaper Archives
Parish Registers
World War One Records
The London Gazette
UK inward passenger lists