What Is Hypnosis?
That's a difficult question to answer. After nearly a century of academic research there is a wealth of experimental material, but no agreed consensus regarding the nature of hypnosis. Some people think that hypnosis is an 'altered state of consciousness', but scientists also disagree about the precise definition of consciousness so this argument can get quite complicated. When we talk about hypnosis we often tend to be either talking about the relaxed, focussed, absorbed feelings associated with a 'trance state', or we tend to be talking about the interesting things people can do when hypnotised - such as not feeling pain, or experiencing hallucinations.
Can anyone be hypnotised?
Yes, everybody is hypnotizable to some extent - some more than others. Susceptibility to hypnosis can be measured with a hypnotic susceptibility scale. Researchers tend to classify people as 'highs', 'mediums', or 'lows'. About 80% of people are in the 'medium' band - meaning that they can experience many of the effects of hypnotic suggestion, and are likeely to benefit from its clinical use if necessary. Approximately 10% of the population are considered highly hypnotizable - meaning that they can readily experience quite dramatic changes in sensation and perception with hypnosis. Roughly 10% are classified as 'low' - meaning that they have not responded strongly to hypnosis (although there are some skills programmes which aim to increase susceptibility to hypnosis).
Is hypnosis dangerous?
Hypnosis is not in itself a dangerous procedure, but there are concerns that if it is not used properly then it could lead to negative reactions. The risks associated with hypnosis (for example, participants very occasionally experience a mild headache) have been shown not to differ from those associated with attending a university lecture (Lynn, Myer & Mackillop, 2000).
Complications may occur due to faulty technique on the part of the hypnotist or because of misconceptions on the part of the subject regarding hypnosis.
Can hypnosis make me do things I don't want to do?
The simple answer is no, you can't be made to do anything you don't want to do in hypnosis. In hypnosis you retain power over your ability to act upon suggestions, although if you do allow yourself to act upon a suggestion you may feel as though the effects are happening by themselves.
Orne & Evans (1965) conducted a study to find out if they could make hypnotised subjects perform antisocial acts, such as throwing a jar of acid in the face of a research assistant (for safety the jar didn't actuallly contain acid, but the subjects in the experiment didn't know this). They found that 5 out of 6 high hypnotizable participants did throw the 'acid', but that 6 out of 6 low hypnotizable participants who were asked to simulate being in hypnosis threw the 'acid' too. This experiment shows that it's not something special about being in hypnosis which could make people perform antisocial acts, but rather something about the social situation the experiment was conducted in. The logic of the experiment is that if you can get people to commit antisocial acts without hypnosis (i.e. you assume the low hypnotizables weren't hypnotized) then there is no need to use hypnosis to explain what people are doing
Is hypnosis like sleep?
The short answer is no. Although the word hypnosis is derived from the Greek god of sleep, Hypnos, studies have shown that hypnosis and sleep differ. Studies of brain activity have shown that although there are characteristic patterns of brain activity associated with sleep the same has not been demonstrated of hypnosis. To observers hypnosis might appear to be like sleep because suggestions of relaxation are commonly given as part of a hypnotic routine, but hypnotised people are in a state more similar to wakefulness (and hypnosis has even been induced in people riding exercise bicycles - so called 'active alert' hypnosis).
What does hypnosis feel like?
The answer is probably that hypnosis feels different for everybody. Many hypnotists (researchers & clinicians) use elements of relaxation procedures, so people commonly associate a feeling of relaxation with hypnosis. Different people have all sorts of bodily responses to relaxation instructions - some feel as though their body is very heavy, whereas some can feel very light, almost as if they were floating. Mentally, again people have all sorts of responses. People typically report feeling very focussed or absorbed, often effortlessly so. Since instructions for imagery are often used people can have very vivid imaginative experiences - many report feeling 'as if they were there'.
Erika Fromm wrote a great book on self-hypnosis, based up the results of extensive research, which contains a lot of interesting descriptions from participants in her studies.
Can I get 'stuck' in hypnosis?
There is no evidence that anybody can become stuck in hypnosis. The worst that might happen could be that you fall asleep - and wake up unhypnotised! Studies have been conducted where participants have been hypnotised, and the experimenter leaves the room under the pretence that there is a problem he has to attend to, the participant is then observed (without his knowledge) to see what happens. The result in all cases was that participants spontaneously woke up, the high hypnotisables taking slightly longer to do so.
I would like hypnosis to be part of my psychological treatment, who can I see?
In most cities, the Yellow Pages of the telephone book carry a listing of "Hypnotists" or "Hypnotherapy." While this should make finding an appropriately trained clinician of hypnosis relatively easy, in fact, it does not. In these pages, professionals in Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Social Work are lumped together with individuals who have no such formal training -- that is, with what are called lay hypnotists.
The issue of formal training in one of the helping professions is important; on a probabilistic basis alone, a professional who has a grounding in one of these fields is more likely to provide a high level of competent assistance. In addition, there are legal ramifications -- if a client/patient is dissatisfied with the treatment program offered, it is usually a relatively simple and inexpensive matter to file a complaint with the appropriate professional society. If the subject of a complaint is a lay hypnotist, the only way of obtaining redress is through a court of law. In many cases this will prove to be both time-consuming and expensive. A further difficulty in finding a properly qualified clinician who is trained in hypnotic procedures is that many of the lay hypnotists confer upon themselves and each other official sounding names, titles and letters after their names; some even designate themselves as "Doctor," or "Professor." These letterings after the name and pseudo-titles imply a legitimacy that, usually, does not exist. The Bulgarian Institute of Hypnosis or the Norwegian College of Hypnotherapists, for instance, could be the name of a legitimate professional practice, but it could, as equally, be the name of a lay hypnosis organization.
Ordinarily, though, in most cities the local branch of a national professional society of hypnosis lists itself in the Yellow Pages of the telephone book and, most importantly, it offers information about who is qualified to practice hypnosis clinically, while not itself offering a treatment program. In most cases, it lists itself as a society (such as the Mexican Society of Hypnosis or the Japanese Society of Hypnosis). A few careful telephone inquiries should, ordinarily, elicit the desired information about who is qualified to practice professionally in a particular region.
Asking questions about whether a particular society is affiliated with the International Society of Hypnosis (ISH), and/or the European Society of Hypnosis (ESH), and the degree(s) required to be a member of a particular regional society are sound methods of establishing the bona fides of a particular organization.
Alternatively, a person who is interested in being treated by hypnosis can always consult a physician, psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, dentist or social worker, depending upon what the problem is. Most professionals in these fields do not, themselves, employ hypnosis as a treatment modality, but they often can refer clients to a qualified person, though not all do. In a few cities, qualified professionals refer patients to lay hypnotists -- at least according to some lay hypnotists. Again, given that the practice of lay hypnosis is legal in most countries, the only remedy, though unsatisfactory, is for the patient to insist that the referring professional disclose the hypnosis practitioner's credentials.
This emphasis on credentials may appear overly severe, and it does not always result in the desired effect, which is treatment from a highly trained, ethical and caring professional. But many of the same considerations are involved in choosing a family physican, dentist, lawyer and plumber. The difference is that the techniques of hypnotic induction are easily mastered, thus making it possible for virtually anyone to designate him/herself as a "hypnotist." By contrast, self-trained professionals in medicine, dentistry, law and plumbing are comparatively rare -- though documented cases (particularly in law) exist.
That's a difficult question to answer. After nearly a century of academic research there is a wealth of experimental material, but no agreed consensus regarding the nature of hypnosis. Some people think that hypnosis is an 'altered state of consciousness', but scientists also disagree about the precise definition of consciousness so this argument can get quite complicated. When we talk about hypnosis we often tend to be either talking about the relaxed, focussed, absorbed feelings associated with a 'trance state', or we tend to be talking about the interesting things people can do when hypnotised - such as not feeling pain, or experiencing hallucinations.
Can anyone be hypnotised?
Yes, everybody is hypnotizable to some extent - some more than others. Susceptibility to hypnosis can be measured with a hypnotic susceptibility scale. Researchers tend to classify people as 'highs', 'mediums', or 'lows'. About 80% of people are in the 'medium' band - meaning that they can experience many of the effects of hypnotic suggestion, and are likeely to benefit from its clinical use if necessary. Approximately 10% of the population are considered highly hypnotizable - meaning that they can readily experience quite dramatic changes in sensation and perception with hypnosis. Roughly 10% are classified as 'low' - meaning that they have not responded strongly to hypnosis (although there are some skills programmes which aim to increase susceptibility to hypnosis).
Is hypnosis dangerous?
Hypnosis is not in itself a dangerous procedure, but there are concerns that if it is not used properly then it could lead to negative reactions. The risks associated with hypnosis (for example, participants very occasionally experience a mild headache) have been shown not to differ from those associated with attending a university lecture (Lynn, Myer & Mackillop, 2000).
Complications may occur due to faulty technique on the part of the hypnotist or because of misconceptions on the part of the subject regarding hypnosis.
Can hypnosis make me do things I don't want to do?
The simple answer is no, you can't be made to do anything you don't want to do in hypnosis. In hypnosis you retain power over your ability to act upon suggestions, although if you do allow yourself to act upon a suggestion you may feel as though the effects are happening by themselves.
Orne & Evans (1965) conducted a study to find out if they could make hypnotised subjects perform antisocial acts, such as throwing a jar of acid in the face of a research assistant (for safety the jar didn't actuallly contain acid, but the subjects in the experiment didn't know this). They found that 5 out of 6 high hypnotizable participants did throw the 'acid', but that 6 out of 6 low hypnotizable participants who were asked to simulate being in hypnosis threw the 'acid' too. This experiment shows that it's not something special about being in hypnosis which could make people perform antisocial acts, but rather something about the social situation the experiment was conducted in. The logic of the experiment is that if you can get people to commit antisocial acts without hypnosis (i.e. you assume the low hypnotizables weren't hypnotized) then there is no need to use hypnosis to explain what people are doing
Is hypnosis like sleep?
The short answer is no. Although the word hypnosis is derived from the Greek god of sleep, Hypnos, studies have shown that hypnosis and sleep differ. Studies of brain activity have shown that although there are characteristic patterns of brain activity associated with sleep the same has not been demonstrated of hypnosis. To observers hypnosis might appear to be like sleep because suggestions of relaxation are commonly given as part of a hypnotic routine, but hypnotised people are in a state more similar to wakefulness (and hypnosis has even been induced in people riding exercise bicycles - so called 'active alert' hypnosis).
What does hypnosis feel like?
The answer is probably that hypnosis feels different for everybody. Many hypnotists (researchers & clinicians) use elements of relaxation procedures, so people commonly associate a feeling of relaxation with hypnosis. Different people have all sorts of bodily responses to relaxation instructions - some feel as though their body is very heavy, whereas some can feel very light, almost as if they were floating. Mentally, again people have all sorts of responses. People typically report feeling very focussed or absorbed, often effortlessly so. Since instructions for imagery are often used people can have very vivid imaginative experiences - many report feeling 'as if they were there'.
Erika Fromm wrote a great book on self-hypnosis, based up the results of extensive research, which contains a lot of interesting descriptions from participants in her studies.
Can I get 'stuck' in hypnosis?
There is no evidence that anybody can become stuck in hypnosis. The worst that might happen could be that you fall asleep - and wake up unhypnotised! Studies have been conducted where participants have been hypnotised, and the experimenter leaves the room under the pretence that there is a problem he has to attend to, the participant is then observed (without his knowledge) to see what happens. The result in all cases was that participants spontaneously woke up, the high hypnotisables taking slightly longer to do so.
I would like hypnosis to be part of my psychological treatment, who can I see?
In most cities, the Yellow Pages of the telephone book carry a listing of "Hypnotists" or "Hypnotherapy." While this should make finding an appropriately trained clinician of hypnosis relatively easy, in fact, it does not. In these pages, professionals in Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Social Work are lumped together with individuals who have no such formal training -- that is, with what are called lay hypnotists.
The issue of formal training in one of the helping professions is important; on a probabilistic basis alone, a professional who has a grounding in one of these fields is more likely to provide a high level of competent assistance. In addition, there are legal ramifications -- if a client/patient is dissatisfied with the treatment program offered, it is usually a relatively simple and inexpensive matter to file a complaint with the appropriate professional society. If the subject of a complaint is a lay hypnotist, the only way of obtaining redress is through a court of law. In many cases this will prove to be both time-consuming and expensive. A further difficulty in finding a properly qualified clinician who is trained in hypnotic procedures is that many of the lay hypnotists confer upon themselves and each other official sounding names, titles and letters after their names; some even designate themselves as "Doctor," or "Professor." These letterings after the name and pseudo-titles imply a legitimacy that, usually, does not exist. The Bulgarian Institute of Hypnosis or the Norwegian College of Hypnotherapists, for instance, could be the name of a legitimate professional practice, but it could, as equally, be the name of a lay hypnosis organization.
Ordinarily, though, in most cities the local branch of a national professional society of hypnosis lists itself in the Yellow Pages of the telephone book and, most importantly, it offers information about who is qualified to practice hypnosis clinically, while not itself offering a treatment program. In most cases, it lists itself as a society (such as the Mexican Society of Hypnosis or the Japanese Society of Hypnosis). A few careful telephone inquiries should, ordinarily, elicit the desired information about who is qualified to practice professionally in a particular region.
Asking questions about whether a particular society is affiliated with the International Society of Hypnosis (ISH), and/or the European Society of Hypnosis (ESH), and the degree(s) required to be a member of a particular regional society are sound methods of establishing the bona fides of a particular organization.
Alternatively, a person who is interested in being treated by hypnosis can always consult a physician, psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, dentist or social worker, depending upon what the problem is. Most professionals in these fields do not, themselves, employ hypnosis as a treatment modality, but they often can refer clients to a qualified person, though not all do. In a few cities, qualified professionals refer patients to lay hypnotists -- at least according to some lay hypnotists. Again, given that the practice of lay hypnosis is legal in most countries, the only remedy, though unsatisfactory, is for the patient to insist that the referring professional disclose the hypnosis practitioner's credentials.
This emphasis on credentials may appear overly severe, and it does not always result in the desired effect, which is treatment from a highly trained, ethical and caring professional. But many of the same considerations are involved in choosing a family physican, dentist, lawyer and plumber. The difference is that the techniques of hypnotic induction are easily mastered, thus making it possible for virtually anyone to designate him/herself as a "hypnotist." By contrast, self-trained professionals in medicine, dentistry, law and plumbing are comparatively rare -- though documented cases (particularly in law) exist.
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